November 2021

State Government – EV Grants and incentives

Posted on November 19, 2021March 2, 2022 by admin

With some exciting announcements around funding from the Australian Government, we’re seeing a significant increase in grant funding for electric infrastructure and vehicles. Australia is getting serious about a cleaner transport future and it’s more important now than ever to start thinking about your future fleets.

The Australian government has presented its Future Fuels and Vehicles Strategy, which provides for $250 million of investment in electric transport to include the expansion of electric car charging infrastructure and the establishment of hydrogen filling stations.

Below is a detailed overview of the specific measures being taken, or having been announced by each state around charging infrastructure network funding.

State: New South Wales

Activities for infrastructure

The NSW Government has announced a $490 million commitment to incentivise the EV uptake.

The NSW Government has committed $171 million investment to help co-fund private operators for installation of EV charging infrastructure throughout the major highways of the state at the interval of 100 km, over the next four years. This includes $131 million for new ultra-fast vehicle chargers, and $20 million in grants to small tourism businesses over the next three years to boost EV infrastructure at regional tourism destinations. According to the EVC, until 2020, the overall investment in charging infrastructure by the NSW Government was around $5 million.
They are developing guidelines for installation of charging points in roadside service centres
They’re supporting EV charging through strategic land use planning and guides (NSW is creating a state-wide master-plan with Evenergi)
The NRMA is investing $10 million in more than 40 fast chargers across NSW and the ACT:
NSW Government and the NRMA will deliver at least 20 additional electric vehicle fast chargers to the existing regional network along NSW’s major highways. Previous to this announcement through its Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Plan the government plans to:
- co-invest in fast chargers in regional NSW
- co-invest in charging points in commuter car parks
- adopt preferred charging standards

NSW is also launching its Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and Model Availability Program:

It will run competitive funding processes that will co-fund the deployment of fast electric vehicle charging infrastructure.
It will also incentivise vehicle fleet owners, such as car rental companies, car share companies, and local councils to procure electric vehicles.

State: Queensland

Activities for infrastructure

Queensland launched EV Strategy in 2017

They have previously delivered the Electric Vehicle Super Highway (QESH), totalling 31 stations with the investment of $5.3 million.
Queensland are rolling out an EV destination charging network from 2017 onwards
They’re developing a workplace EV charging trial
Queensland has committed to invest $2.75 million for expansion of charging infrastructure by installing 18 new charging sites. The expansion will lead to the extension of the highway by 1800km into the regional outback.

State: Western Australia

Activities for infrastructure

The recent WA strategy includes:

Up to $20 million has been allocated to support the creation of an electric vehicle charging infrastructure network
Investment of $800,000 to install electric vehicle charging stations in government buildings to support the State Government electric vehicle fleet target
Investment of $3 million to install two hydrogen refuelling stations – the two stations will generate renewable hydrogen, one station will be in Jandakot and provide hydrogen for fleet vehicles and another at Christmas Creek Mine, in the Pilbara, will power hydrogen buses
Implementation of actions outlined in the State Government’s Distributed Energy Resources Roadmap that will assist the integration of electric vehicles, including consideration of incentives to promote daytime charging to help make best use of the midday solar generation peak and assessment of vehicle‑to‑grid technology forecasts. Buyback payments will be extended to energy exported to the grid from electric vehicles in the same way as rooftop solar
Planning for the integration of electric vehicles in the electricity grid, including the deployment of charging points (household and fast charge) and trials to better understand the capabilities of vehicle‑to‑grid technology
Tax exemptions on sales/use and leasehold till year 2025

State: South Australia

Activities for infrastructure

The South Australian Government is investing $18.3 million to deliver its Electric Vehicle Action Plan. This includes:

An investment of up to $13.4 million towards developing a state-wide charging network
Planning of 110 rapid highway charging stations installed across South Australia
A network of more than 350 fast destination chargers installed across major metropolitan centres, including an expected 100 destination chargers installed across Adelaide
An initial investment in September 2020 of up to $3.6 million on EV smart charging trials
Seeks $25 million of private investment in public charging stations
The State Government invites businesses and communities to be a part of a statewide project for charging infrastructure development

State: Victoria

Activities for infrastructure

In its recently announced plan, the Victorian Government has committed $19 million for charging infrastructure.

This investment will establish a fast-charging network at key tourist places, community destinations, and high use locations.
As part of a $100 million plan to drive ZEVs uptake, the State Government is investing $5 million for 100 charging stations (80% of this investment will go to Regional Victoria)
The Government has also provided the funding of $644,000 to install chargers across 17 sites in the Loddon Mallee region and $3 million to install ultra-rapid chargers connecting Euroa, Moe, Torquay, Ballarat and Horsham.
VIC has published a charging map with all available and planned stations
It’s also published its draft 30-Year Infrastructure Strategy (2020)
The Victorian Government has provided $3 million funding to support Chargefox’s roll-out of seven ultra-rapid charging sites across the state
Victoria is the first state in Australia to introduce the latest generation ultra-rapid EV charging stations capable of fully charging an Electric Vehicle in under 15 minutes and sourced from 100% renewable energy.

State: Australian Capital Territory

Activities for infrastructure

ACT Government is working on a ZEV Public Charging Master Plan (to be launched later in 2021) for a charging infrastructure roll-out including 50 publicly accessible chargers.

They’ve introduced 29 public stations (2019)
ACT has launched its 2018-21 strategy
They’ve facilitated the installation of further charging points in the ACT and on major routes to Canberra
Streamlined the approvals process for installation of publicly accessible electric vehicle charging points
The ACT Government seeks to amend the Parking and Vehicle Access General Code to require all new multi-unit and mixed use developments to install vehicle charging infrastructure
They’re working with local and state governments to facilitate the installation of charging stations on major routes to and from Canberra including routes to Sydney and coastal areas
Conducting a feasibility assessment for the installation of covered car parks with solar powered vehicle charging stations
To support the integration of EVs in the ACT, a $2.5 million grant for V2G technology trials was announced in 2020 through ARENA. This grant also supports the instalment of 51 bi-directional charging stations across the ACT and upgrades of ACT Government buildings to host charging infrastructure.

State: Tasmania

Activities for infrastructure

Tasmania’s state-wide electric charging network comprises of 14 fast chargers, from Geeveston to Scottsdale, and Queenstown to Burnie, as well as the Midlands in between. The network ensures that mid-range vehicles can travel nearly anywhere around the state.

The State Government invested $600,000 for 14 fast chargers and 23 workplace and destination chargers.
Tasmania’s ChargeSmart Grant Program is committed to $2.5 million investment in charging infrastructure throughout the state.
They’ve offered a number of grants for charging (2019):
- ChargeSmart Fast Charging Program offered grants of up to $50,000 to support organisations to purchase and install Direct Current (DC) electric vehicle charging stations.
- Destination: to $2,500 to support organisations to purchase and install Alternating Current (AC) electric vehicle charging stations for public use.
- Workplace: up to $5,000 to support workplaces (e.g. councils, businesses and not-for-profits) to purchase and install electric vehicle charging stations

The Electric Vehicle Fast Charger Scheme, offers a refund of up to 50% cost rebate of the TasNetworks charges for power supply, only when considering installation of DC fast chargers for public use

EV Fleet for Bus Operators

Posted on November 16, 2021April 29, 2022 by mcc@metriclabs.com.au

Globally, many countries and corporations have set targets to reduce their carbon emissions. Buses which primarily run on diesel are a large contributor to carbon emissions and are a low hanging fruit for achieving carbon reduction targets. In addition to their contribution to global pollutants, diesel powered buses are a significant contributor to local pollutants that directly affect the health and well being of the local community. An EV fleet of buses would reduce carbon emissions, eliminate tail-pipe emissions, and reduce noise. According to research, each Electric bus can save the planet from 990 tonnes of CO2, 375kg of NOx, and ½ million litres of fuel consumption.

The electric bus market size is projected to grow from 81 thousand units in 2021 to reach 704 thousand units by 2027, at a CAGR of 43.1%. Demand for new buses and coaches in just the European Union was 18.1% higher than last year, with 1,863 units sold in total. Under the new rules, the EU is bound to include a quarter of EV buses in their total buses purchased by 2025. The ratio will increase to one-third from 2030. Many other cities are embracing similar declarations for fossil-free streets with buses being the major contributor in the spotlight.

Perks of Fleet Electrification

Bus fleets are heavily utilised, usually have fixed timetables, and have regular overnight garaging locations. These three characteristics of buses make transitioning to an EV fleet relatively easy. In many regions, trials have already shown that electric buses have low whole of life costs as a result of lower maintenance and refueling costs. Additionally, buses in an EV fleet offer opportunities for grid integration by connecting solar depots to the grid through their batteries.

Considerations of the Electric Bus Fleet

When considering EV fleets, bus operators will need to consider:

Emissions reductions and delivery of renewable energy to ensure zero emissions
Electricity capacity of sites
New depot configurations
Battery range of the fleet vehicles
Impact of topography and climate on battery efficiency and range
Bus route optimisation
Charging management
Energy generation (such as onsite batteries and solar power)
Driver behaviour
The total cost of ownership based on balancing higher upfront costs with lower operating costs

Total Cost of Ownership

The total cost of ownership is a pivotal element of consideration for a commercial EV fleet. TCO parity across different timelines is helpful for bus fleet operators to make wise economic choices.

Similar to other new technologies, electric buses also present some challenges for bus operators. The upfront purchase price of an electric bus is higher than diesel alternatives. The weight of a battery in an electric bus is higher than a tank of petrol and diesel, increasing the vehicle’s tare weight and reducing its payload capacity. EV Fleet operators eyeing at including EVs in their fleet might need more integrated costing models.

TCO Quantification Parameters

Here’s a list of the most relevant cost components for the total cost of ownership calculation. The values can be combined with the following cost components in order to work out a unified total cost.

Cost of purchasing the vehicle excluding the residual sale value
Financing cost beyond retail price – cost of interest payments
Fuelling – Proportional to distance travelled, the efficiency of a vehicle, and cost of the fuel/cost of electricity
Charging infrastructure and batteries for EV charging
Insurance – Typical costs associated with insurance cover and vehicle replacement or repair
Maintenance & repair – inspections, regular maintenance, scheduled part replacement, and unscheduled replacement of parts
Taxes & fees – taxes paid on time of purchase, recurring annual costs, registration fees, parking, and tolls
Labor – typical wages and benefits for drivers, and costs for the time of charging and fuelling

Charging Electric Bus Fleet Vehicles

The electrification of buses will require the installation of electric vehicle charging infrastructure. This may also include electrical capacity upgrades for charger locations.

There are currently two models of EV bus charging being utilised globally:

	Advantages	Disadvantages
Depot based Charging Buses are charged overnight using on-site electric vehicle charging infrastructure	Lower upfront capital cost	Potential grid limitations may require an upgrade
	Allows for off-peak charging	New depot and charging management
	Located on the pre-owned property	Longer refuelling time
On Route Charging Buses are charged via fast chargers along the bus route	Smaller battery packs mean a higher passenger count	More expensive and may require leasing/purchasing land
	Greater flexibility in bus operations	Requires fast charging and may incur higher energy costs with DC grid integration
	Can compete for more than one route with a rest period	Might require changes to contracting and performance management terms

Note: a combined model approach may be appropriate

Challenges for Bus Fleet Operators

Capital cost: the upfront purchase price of an electric bus is higher than petrol and diesel alternatives.
Passenger capacity: Bus passenger capacity is limited by heavy vehicle weight restrictions.
Upskilling: An electric bus will require new driver behaviour, procurement models, maintenance requirements, and refuelling operations.
Charging infrastructure investment and management: Additional assets investment is required to refuel electric buses via electric vehicle charging stations. This may also include electrical capacity upgrades for charger locations.

With the rapid increase in electric buses around the globe, performance data is starting to emerge. Many municipalities are also conducting their own trials to work out how particular buses will perform on their routes. This is giving decision-makers more clarity on the stated versus actual energy efficiency (kWh/km) of electric buses. Factors such as ambient conditions, topography, and bus characteristics have significant effects on the real performance of an electric bus.

Efficiency plays a key part in sizing a depot’s charging infrastructure, electrical upgrades, and potential upstream infrastructure costs. It affects how long buses need to charge for, the coincidence of peak demand from multiple chargers, and the ability of buses to meet their charging needs in line with their schedule.

The International Energy Agency’s Global EV Outlook reveals interesting insights about the EV market, especially focusing on regions such as Helsinki (Finland), Shenzhen (China), Kolkata (India), and Santiago de Chile (Chile). Electric fleets face context-specific challenges related to network size, ridership, degree of sector privatisation, and the availability of funding streams other than fare revenues.

Evenergi Consulting for e-Buses

Evenergi has developed a solution that helps bus operators to seize the opportunities and manage the risks of an eMobility future. The solution provides the development of economic and technical models to support the migration to electric buses, using Evenergi’s model to emulate your e-bus fleet network to assess the impact of EV charging on-peak electrical demand, support the selection of potential bus suppliers, help understand the bus market dynamics and support grant opportunities and submissions.

Find out more about how Evenergi can help here.

Supporting Documentation

EV Fleet for the Logistics Industry

Posted on November 16, 2021April 29, 2022 by mcc@metriclabs.com.au

Pollution – both local pollutants and global carbon emissions – are a growing cause for concern and heavy transport vehicles are a significant contributor. Noxious pollutants from diesel trucks directly affect the health of the community and the enjoyment of public space. Arresting this environmental and health damage is imperative and EV fleets offer hope.

Thus far, high energy requirements and low energy density of batteries have been a hindrance to the uptake of battery-electric trucks. However, recent developments in battery technology are making electric heavy-duty trucks viable, in large part due to reduced battery prices leading to decreased life cycle costs.

Perks of Fleet Electrification

Conscious of the damage to the environment, many auto manufacturers have committed to increase the number of electric options within their fleet. This, together with constantly improving battery densities are a cause of optimism for fleet owners.

Electric trucks can offer many benefits to fleet owners. To EV fleet owners that operate out of depots, electrifying their fleet and managing charging can provide significant savings in refueling costs. It is also possible to extend the life of an electric truck beyond what a fleet owner would consider for a diesel truck. By changing batteries and retrofitting the body, the holding periods of electric trucks could be higher than that of diesel trucks further driving down life cycle costs.

Globally, trucks contribute to 39% of the transport sector’s GHG emissions, and a total of 5% of all fossil fuel-derived carbon dioxide emissions. While currently, freight transport accounts for less than half of transport emissions, it is expected to grow by 56%−70% between 2015 and 2050, despite large improvements in energy efficiency. This is due to the expected increase in logistics demand associated with online shopping, increased urbanisation, and reduced car ownership. There is a strong focus on EV fleets worldwide, and IDTechEx forecasts the penetration of electric trucks into the global medium and heavy-duty market to be 9.4% by 2030.

Environmental impacts – It has been estimated that worldwide, electric trucks will influence road freight emissions from 2035 onwards and account for one-third of the emission reductions in 2050.
Public and driver health – Battery electric vehicles will improve public and driver health due to the lack of tailpipe emissions and reduced noise pollution.
Lifetime costs – Even with higher purchasing costs compared to a diesel truck, electric freight vehicles are competitive if the annual driving distance is high enough and battery lifetime matches the vehicle lifetime.

Considerations for the electric logistics fleet

The main considerations when transitioning to an EV fleet are vehicle usage requirements i.e., what tasks does it need to fulfill, the load it is required to carry, the per-mission distance for range, and parking/off duty cycles for charging.

When considering an electric truck, EV fleet operators will need to consider:

payload and tare weight
upfront purchase costs, operating costs, and the total cost of ownership
charging management
fit for purpose model availability
existing fleet duty cycles
staff training including management and upskilling
vehicle route optimisation

The Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)

TCO is an important consideration for commercial fleet owners. In the case of electric trucks, EV fleet owners would need to compare TCO across time by balancing a multitude of variables – battery size, battery degradation, duty cycles, operating, etc. At present, the purchase costs of electric trucks are much higher than diesel trucks and the operational savings occur over time. A meticulous estimation of the TCO of electric trucks would allow EV fleet owners to make wise economic choices.

TCO Quantification Parameters

Cost of purchasing the vehicle excluding the residual sale value
Financing cost beyond retail price – cost of interest payments
Fuelling – depending on the cost of electricity (energy and time of day), duty cycles, cost of diesel (for diesel trucks)
Charging infrastructure and batteries for EV charging
Insurance – Typical costs associated with insurance cover and vehicle replacement or repair
Maintenance & repair – inspections, regular maintenance, scheduled part replacement, and unscheduled replacement of parts
Taxes & fees – taxes paid on time of purchase, recurring annual costs, registration fees, parking, and tolls
Payload capacity expenses – additional costs from adjustments in fleet vehicle operation due to the increased weight of new vehicle technologies
Labor – typical wages and benefits for drivers, and costs for the time of charging and fuelling

Other costs specific to freight EV fleets include:

Dead running costs – Excess mileages for trucks to recharge during operation (this includes both time based and distance based costs)
Idling – In addition to fuel consumption required for core purposes, commercial vehicles also incur idling costs. The idle time spent in between the automotive duty cycles also contributes to the total costs.
Payload capacity costs – Payload capacity costs can incur due to payload loss.

Charging the EV logistics fleet

Charging an electric truck will require the installation of charging infrastructure at depots (for back to base models) or along truck routes (for end-to-end models). The charging scheme required for electric trucks will depend on the operational scenarios for fleets, which include delivery routes and schedules.

Depot based charging

A depot-based charging model will see an electric truck start and end its route at the same place – making it possible to charge the electric truck while it is not in use. Many truck operations have defined cycles that permit off-cycle daily charging. A depot-based charging model ensures that charging infrastructure is an investment asset that gives the company control over site access, charger type, placement, and timing.There are different levels of charging stations that may be necessary for an electric truck fleet. The level of charging infrastructure will depend on each fleet’s duty cycles and route scheduling.

The depot based charging model is being more widely adopted in international markets.

On route charging

Fleets with variable routes and no guaranteed return trips require public fast-charging infrastructure to fulfil long-haul freight demands. This method of charging will become more important to satisfy heavy truck and long haul freight routes as technology for the sector develops. However, these use cases are minimal at this point in time.

Recent developments worldwide

In a bid to achieve carbon neutrality, businesses around the globe are taking advantage of disruptive technologies. Companies such as Amazon, British Gas, UPS, and FedEx are taking the lead in logistics fleet electrification. Falling costs, improved availability, and supportive policies help pave the way to a cleaner transport of the future.

Evenergi consulting for logistics

The transition to electric road freight transportation is gaining momentum, and companies can stay ahead of the game by being prepared for these changes. Evenergi can help freight and logistics companies seize opportunities and manage risks of an eMobility future through the development of economic and technical models to support the migration to electric logistics fleets.

Find out how Evenergi can help here.

Supporting Documentation

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261918318361#b0025
https://www.idtechex.com/en/research-report/electric-trucks-2020-2030/710
https://nacfe.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Electric_Trucks_Guidance_Report_Executive_Summary.pdf
https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2021/05/167399.pdf
https://www.fleetowner.com/emissions-efficiency/article/21703545/the-returntobase-strategy-for-charging-electric-trucks
IEA Global Outlook 2019

A Guide to Electric Vehicle Monitoring

Posted on November 15, 2021November 16, 2021 by mcc@metriclabs.com.au

The vehicle-related specific data is a major driving force behind decisions such as investments in charging infrastructure, fleet diversification, and upskilling of drivers. That is how EV fleets are considered close to the “tipping point” of mass adoption. Electric vehicle monitoring enables reliability by detection, diagnosis, and prognosis.

Stringent government policies towards emission reduction are going to change the way transportation looks today. City planners and managers leverage the power of transport data for an emission-free, clean environment. Electric vehicle(s) answer these complicated questions based on their ability to deliver real-time trustable data. A smart electric vehicle monitoring system gathers, reports, analyses, and translates this data for efficient fleet management in realising the broader agendas.

Electric Vehicle Monitoring Data

Electric vehicle fleet management solutions are commonly based on telematics with user-friendly hand-held devices. In real-time monitoring of the electric fleet, specific data is collected and processed for a tailor-made route best for each vehicle. At the core of monitoring fleet performance, GPS signal and data analytics enables it to make solid predictions aiming at improving efficiency. Effective monitoring provides insights about:

Vehicle data

Vehicle profiling is operated on the cloud and continuously undergoes learning and process improvement. EV data guides fleet managers about the actual range of the vehicles, energy consumption, and overall fleet performance.

EV Battery data

The battery usage data and charging status can be useful in determining battery health. Electric vehicle monitoring supports the evaluation of fleets’ and individual vehicles’ state of charge. The data is useful in steering away from the charge anxiety.

Route and schedule data

Electric fleet’s optimal route planning is a key dynamic in the total cost of EV ownership. Integrated approach with built-in google maps collects real-time for the best possible charging points on the vehicle’s route. The process ensures that the vehicle continues its operation with a safe charge limit and doesn’t cause range anxiety for drivers or fleet managers. Additionally, the entire electric fleet operates in sync with electric charge readings and asset optimal use. Such monitoring is proving beneficial particularly for electric buses.

Uncontrollable factor data

Monitoring of uncontrollable conditions like geography, road type, or climate provided insights regarding the state of charge which is helpful for accurate prediction of range during certain times of the year or a day.

Driver behavior data

Last but not the least, the driver behavior alteration towards more safe driving can be achieved based on the data on the go. The monitoring mechanism is quite effective in accident ratio and imposing corrective measures promptly.

Maximum resource utilisation and efficiency of electrical infrastructure with reduced costs are major aspirations in the EV adoption regime. A few opportunities that exist in the core of electric vehicle monitoring, are;

Avoiding costly upgrades in electrical infrastructure
Technology advancement and scalability
Use of IoT and smart technologies for mitigation of cost barriers
Achieving the utilisation efficiency of electric fleets

Unlock the power of effective monitoring by employing an efficient EV Monitoring system with Evenergi.

Supporting Documentation

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1049/iet-epa.2018.5732
https://www.greenbiz.com/article/4-cities-using-transportation-data-be-more-sustainable-and-socially-inclusive
https://blog.contus.com/iot-enabled-electric-vehicle-monitoring-solution/
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/252/1/012095/pdf
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6915044
https://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~nathan/resources/Publications/aii-2016.pdf
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8005044
https://www.csagroup.org/wp-content/uploads/CSA-RR_ElectricVehicle_WebRes.pdf

Electric Battery Management

Posted on November 15, 2021November 16, 2021 by mcc@metriclabs.com.au

Electric battery management encompasses cell monitoring, charging and discharging control, temperature control, fault analysis, and data acquisition to improve the performance of batteries in electric vehicles, ultimately achieving the automotive grade (AG).

Battery in EVs

Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) source energy from a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery pack made of thousands of individual cells.

An illustration of how battery cells are arranged into modules and then assembled into battery packs

Unlike lead-acid or nickel-cadmium-based batteries, Lithium-ion batteries come with maximum energy density and a high life cycle. This brings an incentive for manufacturers to save space with the provision of increased capacity.

Many factors influence the capacity of the battery packs and battery life including overcharge and discharge current, thermal runaway, over-voltage, or under-voltage. One important factor that contributes to decreased capacity is an imbalance in the cell voltage of these battery packs.

A battery management system (BMS) ensures the operation of the battery within its safe limits.

Battery Management System

BMS monitors the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of electric battery packs in real-time, serving as a vehicle fuel gauge assistant
It determines the SOC of an electric battery by using various algorithms. Since an electric battery is based on various Li-ion cells, it is the job of a battery management system to ensure that the cells will not be discharged completely, hence, ensuring the cell balancing. The safe limit of electric current retention is 3V
SOH is another area where a BMS significantly contributes towards safe operations by measuring the expected age of the battery and helping in determining the mileage on each charge
Processes such as charging control work simultaneously during real-time monitoring. An intelligent system determines the constant current and constant voltage of a battery for a seamless operation.

The following table provinces the key elements of battery management systems.

Components	Description
Power Management	It comprises of protection circuit for power supply and voltage regulator to maintain a constant voltage even when there is variation in supply power
HV Power Interface	It is ahigh-side driver used for automotives and contains MultiSense analog feedback
Interface between battery management and control unit	It is a serial peripheral interface (SPI) that serves as a communication link between devices in various voltage domains
Battery Management Unit	It is responsible for the protection as well as monitoring of each cell of the battery to ensure its reliability
Control Unit	It comprises of control logic, various registers (data, address, shift) and memory array
Wired Connectivity	It comprises of a bidirectional Can bus transceiver

Supporting Documentation